水分状态、土壤类型和氮素种类对氧化亚氮和甲烷排放的影响

Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies were monitored simultaneously during a 516-day incubation with lysimeter experiments. Two N sources （^15N-（NH4）2SO4 and ^15N-labeled milk vetch） were applied to two contrasting paddies： one derived from Xiashu loess （Loess） and one from Quaternary red clay （Clay）. Both N2O and CH4 emissions were significantly higher in soil Clay than in soil Loess during the flooded period. For both soil, N2O emissions peaked at the transition periods shortly after the beginning of the flooded and non-flooded seasons. Soil type affected N2O emission patterns. In soil Clay, the emission peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions was much higher than the peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions. In soil Loess, the emission peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions was obviously higher than the peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions except for milk vetch treatment. Soil type also had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the flooded season, over which the weighted average flux was 111 mg C m^-2 h^-1 and 2.2 mg C m^-2 h^-1 from Clay and Loess, respectively. Results indicated that it was the transition in the water regime that dominated N2O emissions while it was the soil type that dominated CH4 emissions during the flooded season. Anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly existed in soil Loess during the flooded season.     

The effect of soil texture and soil drainage on emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide

Abstract. Agricultural soils are important sources of the tropospheric ozone precursor NO and the greenhouse gas N₂O. Emissions are controlled primarily by parameters that vary the soil mineral N supply, temperature and soil aeration. In this field experiment, the importance of soil physical properties on emissions of NO and N₂O are identified. Fluxes were measured from 13 soils which belonged to 11 different soil series, ranging from poorly drained silty clay loams to freely drained sandy loams. All soils were under the same soil management regime and crop type (winter barley) and in the same maritime climate zone. Despite this, emissions of NO and N₂O ranged over two orders of magnitude on all three measurement occasions, in spring before and after fertilizer application, and in autumn after harvest. NO emissions ranged from 0.3 to 215 μg NO-N m^–2 h^–1, with maximum emissions always from the most sandy, freely drained soil. Nitrous oxide emissions ranged from 0 to 193 μg N₂O-N m^–2 h^–1. Seasonal shifts in soil aeration caused maximum N₂O emissions to switch from freely drained sandy soils in spring to imperfectly drained soils with high clay contents in autumn. Although effects of soil type on emissions were not consistent, N₂O emission was best related to a combination of bulk density and clay content and the NO/N₂O ratio decreased logarithmically with increasing water filled pore space.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from farmed organic soils: a review

Abstract. The large boreal peatland ecosystems sequester carbon and nitrogen from the atmosphere due to a low oxygen pressure in waterlogged peat. Consequently they are sinks for CO₂ and strong emitters of CH₄. Drainage and cultivation of peatlands allows oxygen to enter the soil, which initiates decomposition of the stored organic material, and in turn CO₂ and N₂O emissions increase while CH₄ emissions decrease. Compared to undrained peat, draining of organic soils for agricultural purposes increases the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O) by roughly 1t CO₂ equivalents/ha per year. Although farmed organic soils in most European countries represent a minor part of the total agricultural area, these soils contribute significantly to national greenhouse gas budgets. Consequently, farmed organic soils are potential targets for policy makers in search of socially acceptable and economically cost-efficient measures to mitigate climate gas emissions from agriculture. Despite a scarcity of knowledge about greenhouse gas emissions from these soils, this paper addresses the emissions and possible control of the three greenhouse gases by different managements of organic soils. More precise information is needed regarding the present trace gas fluxes from these soils, as well as predictions of future emissions under alternative management regimes, before any definite policies can be devised.     

棚室蔬菜生产中灌溉技术研究进展

该文对棚室蔬菜生产条件下，滴灌、地下滴灌、渗灌、微喷灌等节水灌溉技术与相关理论的研究进行了归纳总结，在此基础上提出棚室蔬菜生产中土壤水分调控进一步研究应注重生物节水、作物精量控制用水以及节水系统的科学管理，并重视农业节水与生态环境保护的密切结合。     

基于模型的温室加温控制目标优化系统研究

温室加温控制目标的设定合理与否，直接影响温室作物生长及温室环境调控的能耗。本研究以温室作物生长模拟模型和温室加温能耗预测模型为基础，建立了基于模型的温室加温控制目标计算机优化系统。系统包括一个数据库(温室、作物以及气象资料)和三个模型(作物生长模拟模型、温室加温能耗预测模型以及加温控制目标优化模型)。系统的输入主要为温室类型、温室结构、覆盖材料、作物信息以及室外气象资料，系统输出主要为作物干物质生产量、温室加温能耗量以及干物质生产能耗量利用效率最高和生物量最高的温室白天和夜间的加温控制目标(温度设置点)。以2003年1月20日～2月20日上海孙桥现代农业开发区Venlo型自控玻璃温室水果型黄瓜生产为实例进行分析，结果表明，在上海地区冬季进行温室水果型黄瓜生产时，在开花至果实采收初期将白天和夜间加温控制目标分别设为23℃和17℃时可以获得最高的干物质生产量；将白天和夜间的温室加温的温度分别设为20℃和15℃能够使黄瓜干物质生产的能耗量利用效率达最大，并能够使黄瓜干物质产量也处于较高的水平。本研究建立的基于模型的温室加温控制目标优化系统为中国温室气候控制中温度的优化调控提供了理论依据和决策支持。     

What artificial urine composition is adequate for simulating soil N2O fluxes and mineral N dynamics?

Artificial urine, an aqueous solution of various nitrogenous compounds and salts, is routinely used in soil incubation studies on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and related nitrogen (N) and pH dynamics. There is, however, no consensus on artificial urine composition, and a wide variety of compositions are used. The aim of this study was to test which artificial urine composition is adequate for simulating N₂O fluxes, respiration, soil mineral N and pH dynamics of real cattle urine in both short- and long-term incubation studies. Urine solutions of differing compositions were applied to a sandy soil and incubated for 65 days, and results of measurements on N₂O fluxes and soil mineral N were analyzed over the first 5 days as well as over the whole incubation period. Results from two real cattle urines with known nitrogenous composition (R1 and R2) were compared with three artificial urine types: (i) urea+glycine (AG), (ii) urea+hippuric acid (AH) and (iii) an artificial urine identical to the nitrogenous composition of real urine R1 (AR). During the first 5 days, only cumulative N₂O emissions for AG deviated significantly (P=0.02) from the N₂O emissions for real urines, with 0.4% of applied N emitted compared with 0.0% and 0.1% for R1 and R2, respectively. Respiration from R1 was significantly (P<0.001) higher than from R2 and all artificial urines. Over the whole incubation period, no significant differences could be detected for N₂O emissions or respiration with urine type. From all artificial urine types, AH yielded N₂O emissions closest to those from real urine. AG deviated most from real urine, both in short- and long-term incubations. Over the whole period, soil NH₄⁺ was higher for all artificial urines (P<0.001) and pH-KCl was lower for AG and AR (P=0.004) than for the real urines. AH was not significantly different from real urine R2 with respect to all measured properties except soil NH₄⁺. We conclude that only AG did not adequately simulate N₂O emissions, and that glycine is therefore not an appropriate substitution for hippuric acid in artificial urine. For future studies using artificial urine we recommend therefore a mixture containing at least urea and hippuric acid as sources of N. As no artificial urine composition resembled real urine with respect to all measured variables, even when nitrogenous composition was identical (AR), we recommend the use of real urines whenever possible.     

温室气动天窗机构的动力学仿真研究

根据华东地区的气象资料,分析确定风载与天窗位置角的关系,同时计算天窗均布结构重力和集中力两种荷载,在此基础上,针对经过优化设计的气动天窗机构,导出气缸负载表达式.结合气压传动特性,导出驱动力矩、驱动功率、排气节流压降和天窗运动的动力学基本方程.采用非线性规划方法,以动力学基本方程为目标函数,考虑适当的约束,建立气动天窗的动力学仿真模型.模型求解给出了气缸负载、天窗驱动功率、天窗角加速度和角速度等随天窗位置角变化的过程.     

地表覆盖对日光温室黄瓜生长发育及生理特性的影响

试验研究了秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和秸秆加膜覆盖对结瓜期日光温室嫁接和未嫁接黄瓜生长发育与生理特性的影响。结果表明,地表覆盖可有效促进植株生长,有利于雌花分化、提高坐瓜率、降低畸形瓜比例、缩短成瓜时间以及增加单瓜重、早期产量和总产量,其中以秸秆加膜覆盖效果最明显,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖次之,嫁接效果优于未嫁接。秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和秸秆加膜覆盖均可不同程度提高黄瓜净光合速率、光能利用效率和水分利用效率,且以秸秆加膜覆盖效果最好,嫁接优于未嫁接。秸秆覆盖与秸秆加膜覆盖均可显著增加黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量,增强黄瓜根系活力,而地膜覆盖却使叶绿素含量低于对照,根系活力在结瓜后期低于秸秆覆盖与秸秆加膜覆盖处理,但仍高于对照。     

磷、钾与钙配合对保护地番茄钙吸收的影响

采用随机区组设计方法研究了石灰性土壤磷、钾与钙配合对保护地番茄钙吸收的影响,并利用差值法计算了钙的利用率。研究结果表明,CaP1和CaK2处理最佳,可以显著提高保护地番茄总吸钙量和果实吸钙量,提高钙的利用率;与单纯施钙处理相比,钙的利用率分别提高10.3和16.1个百分点,同时,CaP1和CaK2处理能明显改善保护地番茄生物学特性,显著提高番茄果实产量;与单施钙处理相比,番茄的果实产量分别提高了16.1%和22.9%。研究结果同时证明钙磷配合或钙钾配合施用可以提高番茄果实中Vc的含量、糖分含量,降低酸度含量和脐腐病果的数量,明显地改善果实的品质。